Washington Matthews (1843 - 1905) was a surgeon in the United States Army, ethnographer, and linguist known for his studies of Native American peoples, especially the Navajo. Field notes, notebooks, vocabulary cards, photographs, sketches, correspondence, and other papers of a United States Army surgeon stationed in the American West in the late 19th century, a major figure in the first generation of self-taught anthropologists who studied Native American life and languages.