United States v. Thomas Cooper
Background
In the period following the ratification of the Constitution, the government of the United States was under Federalist control, first with George Washington and then under the presidency of John Adams. John Adams (1797-1801) and the Federalists, fearful of internal dissent while embroiled in international conflict with France, sought to reduce effective opposition through the enactment of a series of laws by Congress known as the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Under the Sedition of Act of 1798, it was illegal to criticize the government of the United States under penalty of fines and/or imprisonment.
Thomas Cooper, a lawyer and newspaper editor in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, was indicted, prosecuted, and convicted of violating the Sedition Act after he published a broadside that was sharply critical of President Adams. In part, Cooper was reacting to an article about himself that had appeared in the Reading (Pennsylvania) Advertiser. The case went to court in Philadelphia in April 1800.
Clearly a tool for political repression, the Sedition Act was later repealed after Thomas Jefferson won the presidency. Future iterations of similar legislation that restrained free speech would be struck down through the process of judicial review. Before this, however, speaking out in opposition to governmental policies could have serious legal repercussions as seen in the case of United States v. Thomas Cooper.
Note: For a detailed examination of the Alien and Sedition Acts see Miller, John C. Crisis in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts. Boston: Atlantic-Little Brown, 1951.
The Documents
Newspaper Broadside Filed in
United States v. Thomas Cooper
View on DocsTeach, the online tool for teaching with documents from the National Archives
National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278967
Judge Richard Peter's Letter
to the U.S. Marshal
(the warrant)
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278968
The Indictment
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278969
Thomas Cooper's Plea of "Not Guilty"
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278970
Subpoena (1)
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278971
Image #1
Subpoena (2)
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278971
Image #2
Verdict
(Sentencing of Thomas Cooper)
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278974
Sentencing Details
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National Archives and Records Administration
Records of the District Courts
of the United States
Record Group 21
National Archives Identifier 278975
Article Citation
This article was written by John M. Lawlor, Jr., an instructor at Reading Area Community College, in Reading, PA.